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The constitution of Moldova was adopted in 1994. On 27 August 1991, as the dissolution of the Soviet Union was underway, the Moldavian SSR declared independence and took the name Moldova. In 1940, as a consequence of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union, leading to the creation of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (Moldavian SSR), which included the greater part of Bessarabia and the westernmost strip of the former MASSR (east of the Dniester River). The decision was disputed by Soviet Russia, which in 1924 established, within the Ukrainian SSR, a Moldavian autonomous republic (MASSR) on partially Moldovan-inhabited territories to the east of Bessarabia. In February 1918, the Moldavian Democratic Republic declared independence and then integrated into Romania later that year following a vote of its assembly. During the 1917 Russian Revolution, Bessarabia briefly became an autonomous state within the Russian Republic, known as the Moldavian Democratic Republic.

In 1856, southern Bessarabia was returned to Moldavia, which three years later united with Wallachia to form Romania, but Russian rule was restored over the whole of the region in 1878. Most of Moldovan territory was a part of the Principality of Moldavia from the 14th century until 1812, when it was ceded to the Russian Empire by the Ottoman Empire (to which Moldavia was a vassal state) and became known as Bessarabia. The capital and largest city is Chișinău. The unrecognised, breakaway region of Transnistria lies across the Dniester on the country's eastern border with Ukraine. It is bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south with which a deal was struck in 2005 for access to the Black Sea, ending Moldova's landlocked status. Moldova ( / m ɒ l ˈ d oʊ v ə/ ( listen), sometimes UK: / ˈ m ɒ l d ə v ə/ Romanian pronunciation: ), officially the Republic of Moldova ( Romanian: Republica Moldova) is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe. Independence subsequently finalized with the dissolution of the USSR in December 1991.